Routing Protocol Fundamentals 2

Distance-Vector

A distance-vector routing protocol sends a full copy of its routing table to its directly attached neighbors. This is a periodic advertisement, meaning that even if there have been no topological changes, a distance-vector routing protocol will, at regular intervals, readvertise its full routing table to its neighbors.

Obviously, this periodic advertisement of redundant information is inefficient. Ideally, you want a full exchange of route information to occur only once and subsequent

updates to be triggered by topological changes.

Another drawback to distance-vector routing protocols is the time they take to converge, which is the time required for all routers to update their routing table in response to a topological change in a network. Hold-down timers can speed the convergence process.

After a router makes a change to a route entry, a hold-down timer prevents any subsequent updates for a specified period of time. This approach helps stop flapping routes

(which are routes that oscillate between being available and unavailable) from preventing convergence.

Yet another issue with distance-vector routing protocols is the potential of a routing loop. To illustrate, consider Figure 1-5 . In this topology, the metric being used is hop count , which is the number of routers that must be crossed to reach a network. As one example, Router R3’s routing table has a route entry for network 10.1.1.0 /24 available off of Router R1. For Router R3 to reach that network, two routers must be transited (Routers R2 and R1). As a result, network 10.1.1.0 /24 appears in Router R3’s routing table with a metric (hop count) of 2. 

Figure 1-5 Routing Loop: Before Link Failure

Continuing with the example, imagine that interface Ethernet 1/0 on Router R3 goes down. As shown in Figure 1-6 , Router R3 loses its directly connected route (with a metric of 0) to network 10.1.4.0 /24; however, Router R2 had a route to 10.1.4.0 /24 in its routing table (with a metric of 1), and this route was advertised to Router R3. Router R3 adds this entry for 10.1.4.0 to its routing table and increments the metric by 1. 

Figure 1-6 Routing Loop: After Link Failure

The problem with this scenario is that the 10.1.4.0 /24 entry in Router R2’s routing table was because of an advertisement that Router R2 received from Router R3. Now, Router R3 is relying on that route, which is no longer valid. The routing loop continues as Router R3 advertises its newly learned route of 10.1.4.0 /24 with a metric of 2 to its neighbor, Router R2. Because Router R2 originally learned the 10.1.4.0 /24 network from Router R3, when it sees Router R3 advertising that same route with a metric of 2, the network gets updated in Router R2’s routing table to have a metric of 3, as shown in Figure 1-7 . 

Figure 1-7 Routing Loop: Routers R2 and R3 Incrementing the Metric for 10.1.4.0 /24

The metric for the 10.1.4.0 /24 network continues to increment in the routing tables for both Routers R2 and R3, until the metric reaches a value considered to be an unreachable value (for example, 16 in the case of RIP). This process is referred to as a routing loop .  Distance-vector routing protocols typically use one of two approaches for preventing routing loops:

• Split Horizon: The Split Horizon feature prevents a route learned on one interface from being advertised back out of that same interface.
•  Poison Reverse: The Poison Reverse feature causes a route received on one interface to be advertised back out of that same interface with a metric considered to be infinite. Having either approach applied to the previous example would have prevented Router R3 from adding the 10.1.4.0 /24 network into its routing table based on an advertisement from Router R2.  Routing protocols falling under the distance-vector category include
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP): A distance-vector routing protocol that uses a metric of hop count. The maximum number of hops between two routers in an RIPbased network is 15. Therefore, a hop count of 16 is considered to be infinite. Also, RIP is an IGP. Three primary versions of RIP exist. RIPv1 periodically broadcasts its entire IP routing table, and it supports only fixed-length subnet masks. RIPv2 supports variable-length subnet masks, and it uses multicasts (to a multicast address of 224.0.0.9) to advertise its IP routing table, as opposed to broadcasts. RIP next generation (RIPng) supports the routing of IPv6 networks, while RIPv1 and RIPv2 support the routing of IPv4 networks.
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP): A Cisco-proprietary protocol until early 2013, EIGRP has been popular in Cisco-only networks; however, other vendors can now implement EIGRP on their routers.

EIGRP is classified as an advanced distance-vector routing protocol , because it improves on the fundamental characteristics of a distance-vector routing protocol. For example, EIGRP does not periodically send out its entire IP routing table to its neighbors. Instead it uses triggered updates, and it converges quickly. Also, EIGRP can support multiple routed protocols (for example, IPv4 and IPv6). EIGRP can even advertise network services (for example, route plan information for a unified communications network) using the Cisco Service Advertisement Framework (SAF) .

By default, EIGRP uses bandwidth and delay in its metric calculation; however, other parameters can be considered. These optional parameters include reliability, load, and maximum transmission unit (MTU) size. The algorithm EIGRP uses for its route selection is not Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First algorithm (as used by OSPF). Instead, EIGRP uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) .

Link-State

Rather than having neighboring routers exchange their full routing tables with one another, a link-state routing protocol allows routers to build a topological map of a network. Then, similar to a global positioning system (GPS) in a car, a router can execute an algorithm to calculate an optimal path (or paths) to a destination network.

Routers send link-state advertisements (LSA) to advertise the networks they know how to reach. Routers then use those LSAs to construct the topological map of a network. The algorithm run against this topological map is Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First algorithm.

Unlike distance-vector routing protocols, link-state routing protocols exchange full routing information only when two routers initially form their adjacency. Then, routing

updates are sent in response to changes in the network, as opposed to being sent periodically. Also, link-state routing protocols benefit from shorter convergence times, as compared to distance-vector routing protocols (although convergence times are comparable to EIGRP).

Routing protocols that can be categorized as link-state routing protocols include

• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF): A link-state routing protocol that uses a metric of cost, which is based on the link speed between two routers. OSPF is a popular IGP,
• because of its scalability, fast convergence, and vendor interoperability.
• Intermediate System–to–Intermediate System (IS-IS): This link-state routing protocol is similar in its operation to OSPF. It uses a configurable, yet dimensionless,
• metric associated with an interface and runs Dijkstra’s Shortest Path First algorithm.

Although using IS-IS as an IGP offers the scalability, fast convergence, and vendor interoperability benefits of OSPF, it has not been as widely deployed as OSPF.

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Routing Protocol Fundamentals

Routing Protocol Fundamentals

Routing occurs when a router or some other Layer 3 device (for example, a multilayer switch) makes a forwarding decision based on network address information (that is, Layer 3 information). A fundamental question, however, addressed throughout this book, is from where does the routing information originate?

A router could know how to reach a network by simply having one of its interfaces directly connect that network. Perhaps you statically configured a route, telling a router exactly how to reach a certain destination network. However, for large enterprises, the use of static routes does not scale well. Therefore, dynamic routing protocols are typically seen in larger networks (and many small networks, too). A dynamic routing protocol allows routers configured for that protocol to exchange route information and update that information based on changing network conditions.

The first topic in this section explores the role of routing in an enterprise network. Then some of the characteristics of routing protocols are presented, to help you decide which routing protocol to use in a specific environment and to help you better understand the nature of routing protocols you find already deployed in a network.

The Role of Routing in an Enterprise Network

An enterprise network typically interconnects multiple buildings, has connectivity to one or more remote offices, and has one or more connections to the Internet. Figure 1-1 identifies some of the architectural layers often found in an enterprise network design:

• Building Access: This layer is part of the Campus network and is used to provide user access to the network. Security (especially authentication) is important at this layer, to verify that a user should have access to the network. Layer 2 switching is typically used at this layer, in conjunction with VLANs.
• Building Distribution: This layer is part of the Campus network that aggregates building access switches. Multilayer switches are often used here.
• Campus Backbone: This layer is part of the Campus network and is concerned with the high-speed transfer of data through the network. High-end multilayer switches
• are often used here.
• Edge Distribution: This layer is part of the Campus network and serves as the ingress and egress point for all traffic into and out of the Campus network. Routers or multilayer switches are appropriate devices for this layer.
• Internet Gateways: This layer contains routers that connect the Campus network out to the Internet. Some enterprise networks have a single connection out to the Internet, while others have multiple connections out to one or more Internet Service Providers (ISP).

Figure 1-1 Typical Components of an Enterprise Network

WAN Aggregation: This layer contains routers that connect the Campus network out to remote offices. Enterprises use a variety of WAN technologies to connect to remote offices (for example, Multiprotocol Label Switching [MPLS]).

Routing protocols used within the Campus network and within the WAN aggregation layer are often versions of Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), or Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). However, when connecting out to the Internet, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is usually the protocol of choice for enterprises having more than one Internet connection.

An emerging industry trend is to connect a campus to a remote office over the Internet, as opposed to using a traditional WAN technology. Of course, the Internet is considered an untrusted network, and traffic might need to traverse multiple routers on its way from the campus to a remote office. However, a technology called Virtual Private Networks (VPN) allows a logical connection to be securely set up across an Internet connection. Chapter 2 , “Remote Site Connectivity,” examines VPNs in more detail.

Routing Protocol Selection

As you read through this book, you will learn about the RIPv2, RIPng, OSPFv2, OSPFv3, EIGRP, BGP, and MP-BGP routing protocols. With all of these choices (and even more) available, a fundamental network design consideration becomes which routing protocol to use in your network. As you learn more about these routing protocols, keeping the following characteristics in mind can help you do a side-by-side comparison of protocols:

• Scalability
• Vendor interoperability
• IT staff’s familiarity with protocol
• Speed of convergence
• Capability to perform summarization
• Interior or exterior routing
• Type of routing protocol

This section of the chapter concludes by taking a closer look at each of these characteristics.

Scalability

How large is your network now, and how large is it likely to become? The answers to those questions can help determine which routing protocols not to use in your etwork. For example, while you could use statically configured routes in a network with just a couple of routers, such a routing solution does not scale well to dozens of routers.

While all the previously mentioned dynamic routing protocols are capable of supporting most medium-sized enterprise networks, you should be aware of any limitations. For example, all versions of RIP have a maximum hop count (that is, the maximum number of routers across which routing information can be exchanged) of 15 routers. BGP, on the other hand, is massively scalable. In fact, BGP is the primary routing protocol used on the Internet.

Vendor Interoperability

 Will you be using all Cisco routers in your network, or will your Cisco routers need to interoperate with non-Cisco routers? A few years ago, the answer to this question could be a deal-breaker for using EIGRP, because EIGRP was a Cisco-proprietary routing protocol.

 However, in early 2013, Cisco announced that it was releasing EIGRP to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards body as an Informational RFC. As a result, any networking hardware vendor can use EIGRP on its hardware. If you are working in an environment with routers from multiple vendors, you should ensure that your Cisco router has an appropriate Cisco IOS feature set to support your desired routing protocol and that the third-party router(s) also support that routing protocol.

IT Staff’s Familiarity with Protocol

 You and the IT staff at your company (or your customer’s company) might be much more familiar with one routing protocol than another. Choosing the routing protocol with which the IT staff is more familiar could reduce downtime (because of faster resolutions to troubleshooting issues). Also, if the IT staff is more familiar with the inner workings of one routing protocol, they would be more likely to take advantage of the protocol’s nontrivial features and tune the protocol’s parameters for better performance.

Speed of Convergence

A benefit of dynamic routing protocols over statically configured routes is the ability of a dynamic routing protocol to reroute around a network failure. For example, consider  Figure 1-2 . Router R1’s routing protocol might have selected the path through Router R3 as the best route to reach the 192.168.1.0 /24 network connected to Router R4. However, imagine that a link failure occurred on the Fast Ethernet link between Routers R3 and R4. Router R1’s routing protocol should be able to reroute around the link failure by sending packets destined for the 192.168.1.0 /24 network through Router R2. 

Figure 1-2 Routing Protocol Convergence

After this failover occurs, and the network reaches a steady-state condition (that is, the routing protocol is aware of current network conditions and forwards traffic based on those conditions), the network is said to be a converged network . The amount of time for the failover to occur is called the convergence time .

Some routing protocols have faster convergence times than others. RIP and BGP, for example, might take a few minutes to converge, depending on the network topology. By contrast, OSPF and EIGRP can converge in just a few seconds.

Capability to Perform Summarization

Large enterprise networks can have routing tables with many route entries. The more entries a router maintains in its routing table, the more router CPU resources are required support the ability to do network summarization, although the summarization options and how summarization is performed do differ.

Network summarization allows multiple routes to be summarized in a single route advertisement. Not only does summarization reduce the number of entries in a router’s routing table, but it also reduces the number of network advertisements that need to be sent.  Figure 1-3 shows an example of route summarization. Specifically, Router R1 is summarizing the 10.0.0.0 /24, 10.0.1.0 /24, 10.0.2.0 /24, and 10.0.3.0 /24 networks into a single network advertisement of 10.0.0.0 /22. Notice that the first two octets (and therefore the first 16 bits) of all the networks are the same. Also, as shown in the figure, the first 6 bits in the third octet are the same for all the networks. Therefore, all the networks have the first 22 bits (that is, 16 bits in the first two octets plus 6 bits in the third octet) in common. By using those 22 bits and setting the remaining bits to 0s, you find the network address, 10.0.0.0 /22. 

Figure 1-3 Network Summarization

Interior or Exterior Routing

 An autonomous system (AS) is a network under a single administrative control. Your company’s network, as an example, might be in a single AS. When your company connects out to two different ISPs, they are each in their own AS. Figure 1-4 shows such a topology. 

Figure 1-4 Interconnection of Autonomous Systems

In Figure 1-4 , Company A is represented with an AS number of 65000. ISP 1 is using an AS number of 65100, and ISP 2 has an AS number of 65200.

When selecting a routing protocol, you need to determine where the protocol will run. Will it run within an autonomous system or between autonomous systems? The answer to that question determines whether you need an interior gateway protocol (IGP) or an exterior gateway protocol (EGP) :

• IGP: An IGP exchanges routes between routers in a single AS. Common IGPs include OSPF and EIGRP. Although less popular, RIP and IS-IS are also considered IGPs. Also, be aware that BGP is used as an EGP; however, you can use interior BGP (iBGP) within an AS.
• EGP: Today, the only EGP in use is BGP. However, from a historical perspective, be aware that there was once another EGP, which was actually named Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).

Routing Protocol Categories

Another way to categorize a routing protocol is based on how it receives, advertises, and stores routing information. The three fundamental approaches are distance-vector, linkstate, and path-vector.

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The CCNP ROUTE Exam

The CCNP ROUTE Exam

Cisco announced the original ROUTE exam (642-902) in January 2010. The term ROUTE does not act as an acronym; instead, the name describes the content of the exam, which focuses on IP routing. Generally, the exam includes detailed coverage of the EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP IP routing protocols; IPv6; and a few other smaller topics related to IP routing.

 Cisco first announced its initial professional-level certifications in 1998 with the CCNP Routing and Switching certification. CCNP Routing and Switching certification from its inception has included the same kinds of IP routing topics found in today’s ROUTE exam, but the exam names changed over the years. The exam names have tracked the names of the associated Cisco authorized courses for the same topics: Advanced Cisco Router Configuration (ACRC) in the early days, followed by Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) , and now ROUTE , because the current Cisco-authorized course also goes by the name ROUTE .

Like its ancestors, the ROUTE exam is a part of the certification requirements for both of the following Cisco certifications:

• Cisco Certified Networking Professional (CCNP)
• Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)

Each of these certifications emphasizes different perspectives on some similar topics. CCNP focuses on the skills needed by a network engineer working for an enterprise—

that is, a company that deploys networking gear for its own purposes. CCDP focuses more on design, but good design requires solid knowledge of the technology and configuration. So, although this book frequently refers to the most popular certification of these two—CCNP—the ROUTE exam does apply to both certifications.

Contents of the ROUTE Exam

 Every student who ever takes an exam wants to know what’s on the exam. As with all its exams, Cisco publishes a set of exam topics. These exam topics give general guidance as to what’s on the exam.

You can find the exam topics at Cisco.com. The most memorable way to navigate is to go to www.cisco.com/go/ccnp and look for the ROUTE exam. Also, you can go to the Cisco Learning Network website ( www.cisco.com/go/learnnetspace )—a less memorable URL but a great Cisco certification site. The Cisco Learning Network site hosts exam information, learning tools, and forums in which you can communicate with others and learn more about this and other Cisco exams.

• Interestingly, some of the topics on the ROUTE (300-101) exam are topics that you covered in your CCNA studies (that is, in the CCENT [ICND1] and ICND2 curriculum).
• Also, several topics on the ROUTE exam are not covered in the Cisco official ROUTE course. A big goal of this book is to make sure that you are prepared for any topic you
• might encounter on the ROUTE exam. Therefore, in addition to covering topics in the official ROUTE course, this book also covers topics not found in the ROUTE course.
• Additionally, you might want to review your CCENT (ICND1) and ICND2 materials for exam topics coming from those courses.

Table I-1 lists the topics on the ROUTE exam blueprint, with a reference to the part of this book that covers the topic or a reference to the CCNA course (that is, CCENT

[ICND1] or ICND2) that covers the topic.

Table I-1 ROUTE Exam (300-101) Topics 

How to Take the ROUTE Exam

As of the publication of this book, Cisco exclusively uses testing vendor Pearson Vue ( www.vue.com ) for delivery of all Cisco career certification exams. To register, go to  www.vue.com , establish a login, and register for the 300-101 ROUTE exam. You also need to choose a testing center near your home.

Who Should Take This Exam and Read This Book

This book has one primary audience, with several secondary audiences. First, this book is intended for anyone wanting to prepare for the ROUTE 300-101 exam. The audience includes self-study readers—people who pass the test by studying 100 percent on their own. It includes Cisco Networking Academy students taking the CCNP curriculum, who use this book to round out their preparation as they get close to the end of the Academy curriculum.

The broader question about the audience might well be why you should take the ROUTE exam. First, the exam is required for the aforementioned CCNP and CCDP certifications from Cisco. These certifications exist at the midpoint of the Cisco certification hierarchy. These certifications have broader and deeper technology requirements as compared to the Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician (CCENT) and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certifications.

The real question then about the audience for this book—at least the intended audience—is whether you have motivation to get one of these professional-level Cisco certifications. CCNP in particular happens to be a popular, well-respected certification. Also, CCDP has been a solid certification for a long time, particularly for engineers who spend a lot of time designing networks with customers, rather than troubleshooting.

Format of the CCNP ROUTE Exam

The ROUTE exam follows the same general format as the other Cisco exams. When you get to the testing center and check in, the proctor will give you some general instructions and then take you into a quiet room with a PC. When you’re at the PC, you have a few things to do before the timer starts on your exam. For example, you can take a sample quiz, just to get accustomed to the PC and to the testing engine. Anyone who has userlevel skills in getting around a PC should have no problems with the testing environment. When you start the exam, you will be asked a series of questions. You answer the question and then move on to the next question. The exam engine does not let you go back and change your answer.

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CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Study Guide

About 300-101 Features, Information and Premium Edition

• Pre-chapter quiz — These quizzes allow readers to assess their knowledge of the chapter content and decide how much time to spend on any given section.
• Foundation Topics — These sections make up the majority of the page count, explaining concepts, configurations, with emphasis on the theory and concepts, and with linking the theory to the meaning of the configuration commands.
• Key Topics — Inside the Foundation Topics sections, every figure, table, or list that should absolutely be understood and remembered for the exam is noted with the words “Key Topic” in the margin. This tool allows the reader to quickly review the most important details in each chapter.
• Exam Preparation — This ending section of each chapter includes three additional features for review and study, all designed to help the reader remember the details as well as to get more depth. Readers will be instructed to review key topics from the chapter, complete tables and lists from memory, and define key terms.
• Final Preparation Chapter–This final chapter details a set of tools and a study plan to help readers complete their preparation for the exams.
• CD-ROM Practice Test–The companion CD-ROM contains a set of customizable practice tests.

Copyright 2015

Dimensions: 7-3/8" x 9-1/8"

Pages: 880

Edition: 1st

Book

ISBN-10: 1-58720-559-9

ISBN-13: 978-1-58720-559-0

Trust the best-selling Official Cert Guide series from Cisco Press to help you learn, prepare, and practice for exam success. They are built with the objective of providing assessment, review, and practice to help ensure you are fully prepared for your certification exam.

CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide  from Cisco Press enables you to succeed on the exam the first time and is the only self-study resource approved by Cisco. Expert instructor and best-selling author Kevin Wallace shares preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills.

This complete, official study package includes

• A test-preparation routine proven to help you pass the exam
• "Do I Know This Already?" quizzes, which enable you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section
• Chapter-ending exercises, which help you drill on key concepts you must know thoroughly
• The powerful Pearson IT Certification Practice Test software, complete with hundreds of well-reviewed, exam-realistic questions, customization options, and detailed performance reports
• More than 60 minutes of personal video mentoring from the author on important exam topics
• A final preparation chapter, which guides you through tools and resources to help you craft your review and test-taking strategies
• Study plan suggestions and templates to help you organize and optimize your study time

Well regarded for its level of detail, study plans, assessment features, challenging review questions, and exercises, this official study guide helps you master the concepts and techniques that ensure your exam success.

CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com.

The official study guide helps you master topics on the CCNP R&S ROUTE 300-101 exam, including

• Routing protocol characteristics and virtual routers
• Remote site connectivity
• IPv6 routing and RIPng
• EIGRP, OSPFv2, and OSPFv3
• IGP redistribution and route selection
• eBGP and iBGP
• IPv6 Internet connectivity
• Router security
• Routing protocol authentication

The print edition of the CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide contains more than 200 practice exam questions.

Also available from Cisco Press: CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test. This digital-only certification preparation product combines an eBook with enhanced Pearson IT Certification Practice Test.

• This integrated learning package
• Enables you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete, timed exams
• Includes direct links from each question to detailed tutorials to help you understand the concepts behind the questions
• Provides additional unique sets of exam-realistic practice questions
• Tracks your performance and provides feedback on a module-by-module basis, laying out a complete assessment of your knowledge to help you focus your study where it is needed most

This print book includes a 70% discount offer off the list price of the CCNP Routing and Switching ROUTE 300-101 Official Cert Guide Premium Edition eBook and Practice Test  to help enhance your exam preparation experience.

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Lead in 300-101 Practice Test Exam

300-101:Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE v2.0)

Cisco is a leading force in the IT department, and by having your name associated with Cisco can really boost your 300-101 career.  The 300-101 exam is one of the most important exam in IT department and by clearing this exam can create many career opportunities for you. The Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE v2.0) exam will test your skills and 300-101 knowledge. We know how much this exam means to you, thus we have compiled the best 300-101 Q&A actual questions study material you can find online. This actual questions study material for the 300-101 Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE v2.0) exam will provide you with all the necessary information to you need for this 300-101 exam.

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Cisco 300-101 Questions and Answers PDF

Question: 1

Refer to the exhibit.

Based on this FIB table, which statement is correct?

A. There is no default gateway.

B. The IP address of the router on FastEthernet is 209.168.201.1.

C. The gateway of last resort is 192.168.201.1.

D. The router will listen for all multicast traffic.

Answer: C

Question: 2

Refer to the exhibit.

A network administrator checks this adjacency table on a router. What is a possible cause for the incomplete marking?

A. incomplete ARP information

B. incorrect ACL

C. dynamic routing protocol failure

D. serial link congestion

Answer: A

Question: 3

A network engineer notices that transmission rates of senders of TCP traffic sharply increase and decrease simultaneously during periods of congestion. Which condition causes this?

A. global synchronization

B. tail drop

C. random early detection

D. queue management algorithm

Answer: A

Question: 4

Which three problems result from application mixing of UDP and TCP streams within a network with no QoS?

(Choose three.)

A. starvation

B. jitter

C. latency

D. windowing

E. lower throughput

Answer: A, C, E

Question: 5

Which method allows IPv4 and IPv6 to work together without requiring both to be used for a single connection during the migration process?

A. dual-stack method

B. 6to4 tunneling

C. GRE tunneling

D. NAT-PT

Answer: A

Question: 6

Which statement about the use of tunneling to migrate to IPv6 is true?

A. Tunneling is less secure than dual stack or translation.

B. Tunneling is more difficult to configure than dual stack or translation.

C. Tunneling does not enable users of the new protocol to communicate with users of the old protocol without dual-stack hosts.

D. Tunneling destinations are manually determined by the IPv4 address in the low-order 32 bits of IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses.

Answer: C

Question: 7

A network administrator executes the command clear ip route. Which two tables does this command clear and rebuild? (Choose two.)

A. IP routing

B. FIB

C. ARP cache

D. MAC address table

E. Cisco Express Forwarding table

F. topology table

Answer: A, B

Question: 8

Which switching method is used when entries are present in the output of the command show ip cache?

A. fast switching

B. process switching

C. Cisco Express Forwarding switching

D. cut-through packet switching

Answer: A

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